Countering Terrorist Financing (CTF) – Fighting Terrorism through AML Controls
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March 10, 2020Terrorist need money to operate. By disrupting their flow of funds, mass acts of terror can be prevented. A key part of any regulatory compliance strategy is to implement effective AML/CTF controls.
What is Terrorist Financing?
Terrorist financing is the route to which terrorist obtain funds to finance their operations.
According to the FATF, terrorist financing is the
"...financing of terrorist acts, and of terrorists and terrorist organisations.”
To combat this issue, many countries have implemented measures for countering the financing of terrorism (CTF) and these measures are often synonymous with anti- money laundering (AML) laws.
The goal of CTF is to ultimately prevent terrorist acts by disrupting their flow of funds.
The Mechanisms of Terrorist Financing
The Funding Flow
Usually Terrorist organisations actively look for weaknesses in the financial system to exploit.
The funding flow usually follows a linear pattern;
- The collection of funds
- The storage of funds
- The movement of funds
- The usage of funds
Example:
- Collection of funds → donations from sympathizers
- Storage of funds → bank account
- Movement of funds → intra-account transfers
- Usage of funds → propaganda/media
Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism Linkage
The Similarities and Differences
The offences of money laundering and terrorist financing can be committed in connection with each other. For example, where the funds for terrorist activity are ‘laundered’ funds.
However, whilst they may share similar typologies, the difference lies in the timing and direction of the flow of funds and transactions.
- Money Laundering Focus = Source of Funds
- Terrorist Financing Focus = Usage of Funds
Money laundering criminals are concerned with concealing the origin of illicit funds whilst terrorists are more concerned with concealing the nature of their activities.
Money laundering is a cyclical process where the goal is the returning of seemingly legitimate proceeds back to the criminal.
Terrorist financing follows a more linear process with a clear end goal. It is also important to remember that the funds can also be derived from legitimate sources.
Ultimately it is the purposes and ultimate objectives that are different.
How are Efforts to Combat Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism linked?
The financial sector especially is the target of both processes of financial crime.
They are actively exploited in a criminal manner to facilitate the flow of illicit funds into the economy via concealment and integration techniques and can be used to store and transfer funds for the purposes of terrorist financing.
Financial systems therefore have a choice to either become an unknowing, passive accomplice or an active preventer of criminal activity. This is where effective AML/CTF controls are critical.
Using AML Controls to Counter Terrorist Financing
Many of the methods used to fund terrorist activity involve the use of the financial system to store and transfer funds. This means financial systems, especially banks, are extremely vulnerable.
In order to protect themselves from exploitation it is imperative to have adequate measures to determine who they are engaging business with.
This means due diligence on new and existing customers is vital for these controls to be effective.
As part of combatting TF, any regulated entity should:
- Implement effective customer risk segmentation
- Conduct thorough identification and know your customer (KYC) checks
- Identification of already known prohibited individuals (i.e. those on the sanctions list)
AML/CTF controls should include at a minimum the verification of the identity of the customer or beneficial owner, as well as the collection of knowledge on the customer's purpose and nature of the business relationship.
